List of Skills in Fire Emblem: Three Houses

This is a list of Skills, called Abilities in game, found in Fire Emblem: Three Houses.

Personal AbilitiesEdit

Innate abilities that each character has at the start. Cannot be removed and there’s only one for each character.

Icon	Skill	Character	Effect
	Professor's Guidance	Byleth	+20% Experience Gained to user and adjacent ally
	Professor's Guidance+	Byleth (post-timeskip)	+20% Experience Gained to user and adjacent ally, +2 Damage Dealt
	Imperial Lineage	Edelgard	+20% Experience Gained
	Imperial Lineage+	Edelgard (post-timeskip)	+20% Experience Gained, If unit takes no action except Wait, grants Res +4 for 1 turn.
	Royal Lineage	Dimitri	+20% Experience Gained
	Royal Lineage+	Dimitri (post-timeskip)	+20% Experience Gained, Grants Avo +20 while unit is at full HP.
	Leicester Lineage	Claude	+20% Experience Gained
	Leicester Lineage+	Claude (post-timeskip)	+20% Experience Gained, grants unit effects of Pass
	Officer Duty	Hubert	Boosts Gambit Might by 5.
	Songstress	Dorothea	At the start of each turn, restores adjacent allies’ HP by 10%.
	Confidence	Ferdinand	When HP is full, unit gains +15 Hit and Avoid
	Persecution Complex	Bernadetta	When HP is not full, unit gains +5 Damage
	Born Fighter	Caspar	Adjacent foes receive Avoid -10 during combat.
	Catnap	Linhardt	If unit waits without performing an action, restores 10% HP.
	Hunter's Boon	Petra	When foe has less than 50% HP, Critical rate +20
	Live to Serve	Mercedes	When healing allies with White Magic, unit is healed by the same amount
	Staunch Shield	Dedue	If user waits without acting, Defense +4 for one turn.
	Lone Wolf	Felix	When a Battalion is not deployed or when battalion health is zero, damage dealt +5
	Lockpick	Ashe	Unit can open locks and chests without keys
	Perseverance	Annette	When Rally command is used on ally, grants Strength +4.
	Philanderer	Sylvain	When adjacent to a female ally, damage dealt to foe +2, damage received from foe -2.
	Lady Knight	Ingrid	When using a Gambit, Might +3 and Hit Rate +5.
	Distinguished House	Lorenz	When a battalion is deployed, damage dealt +2
	Advocate	Hilda	When an adjacent male ally enters battle, ally’s damage dealt +3
	Goody Basket	Raphael	At the start of a turn, unit has Luck% chance of regaining 10% of HP
	Mastermind	Lysithea	Unit gains 2x skill EXP from combat
	Watchful Eye	Ignatz	Hit rate +20.
	Animal Friend	Marianne	When adjacent to a horseback or flying ally, restores 20% HP at the start of the turn.
	Rivalry	Leonie	When adjacent to a male ally, damage dealt to foe +2, damage received from foe -2.
	Infirmary Master	Manuela	Adjacent allies gain Crit Avoid +10 during combat
	Crest Scholar	Hanneman	Use Rally to grant Mag +4 to an ally
	Fighting Spirit	Catherine	Unit takes 5 less damage when no battalion is assigned or when battalion endurance is 0.
	Compassion	Alois	Use Rally to grant Lck +8 to an ally.
	Guardian	Seteth	Adjacent female allies deal 3 extra damage during combat
	Lily's Poise	Flayn	Adjacent allies take 3 less damage during combat.
	Veteran Knight	Gilbert	Unit takes 2 less damage while in formation with a battalion.
	Survival Instinct	Shamir	If unit initiates combat and defeats foe, grants Str/Mag/Dex/Spd +4 for one turn.
	Aptitude	Cyril	Makes each stat 20% more likely to increase on level up.
	Blade Breaker	Jeralt	If unit damages foe, foe suffers Str/Def -6 for 1 turn after combat.
	Murderous Intent	Death Knight	If unit initiates combat, grants Hit +20 during combat.
	Sacred Power	Rhea	Adjacent allies deal 3 extra damage and take 3 less damage during combat.
	Agarthan Technology	Solon, Kronya, Thales, Cornelia	Adjacent foes deal 3 less damage during combat.
	Mighty King of Legend	Nemesis	Negates 1 attack per turn and grants +3 to all stats per member of Ten Elites present.
	10 Elites	Blaiddyd, Riegan, Lamine, Goneril, Charon, Fraldarius, Gloucester, Dominic, Gautier, Daphnel	Grants power to the Mighty King of Legend.

Class AbilitiesEdit

Innate abilities for each class. It’s granted to that class only and disappears if you change class.

Icon	Skill	Class	Effect
	Charm	Lord Armored Lord High Lord Wyvern Master Emperor Great Lord Barbarossa	When allies adjacent to unit enter combat, allies gain +3 Damage.
	Canto	Cavalier Pegasus Knight Paladin Wyvern Rider Wyvern Master Falcon Knight Wyvern Lord Great Knight Bow Knight Dark Knight Holy Knight Barbarossa Death Knight	After performing an action, user can use their leftover movement.
	Unarmed Combat	Brawler Grappler	User can fight without a weapon equipped.
	Fire	Mage	Enables the use of Fire. If already learned, doubles the number of uses.
	Miasma Δ	Dark Mage Dark Bishop	Enables the use of Miasma Δ. If already learned, doubles the number of uses.
	Heartseeker	Dark Mage Dark Bishop	Reduces Avoid of adjacent foes by 20.
	Steal	Thief	Unit can steal non-weapon items from enemies with lower Spd than self.
	Locktouch	Thief Assassin	Unit can open locks and chests without keys.
	Avoid +10	Pegasus Knight Falcon Knight Wyvern Lord	Increases Avoid by 10.
	Bowrange +1	Archer Sniper	Increases range of Bows by 1.
	Bowrange +2	Bow Knight	Increases range of Bows by 2.
	Heal	Priest	Unit can use Heal. If it has already been learnt, the number of times it can be used is doubled.
	White Magic Heal +5	Priest	White Magic heals +5 more HP.
	White Magic Heal +10	Bishop	White Magic heals +10 more HP.
	Swordfaire	Hero Swordmaster Assassin Mortal Savant Enlightened One	Might +5 when a sword is equipped.
	Axefaire	Fortress Knight Warrior Wyvern Rider Armored Lord Wyvern Lord Great Knight War Master Emperor	Might +5 when an axe is equipped.
	Lancefaire	Paladin High Lord Falcon Knight Great Knight Great Lord	Might +5 when a lance is equipped.
	Bowfaire	Sniper Wyvern Master Bow Knight Barbarossa	Might +5 when a bow is equipped.
	Fistfaire	Grappler War Master	Might +5 when a gauntlet is equipped.
	Black Tomefaire	Warlock Dark Knight Mortal Savant	Might +5 when Black Magic is equipped.
	Dark Tomefaire	Dark Knight	Might +5 when Dark Magic is equipped.
	White Tomefaire	Holy Knight	Might +5 when White Magic is equipped.
	Vantage	Hero	Always attack first when under 50% HP.
	Weight -5	Fortress Knight	The combined weight of equipment is reduced by 5.
	Terrain Resistance	Paladin Bishop Holy Knight Enlightened One	Unit does not receive terrain damage.
	Black Magic Uses ×2	Warlock Gremory	Doubles the number of uses of Black Magic spells.
	Dark Magic Uses ×2	Gremory	Doubles the number of uses of Dark Magic spells.
	White Magic Uses ×2	Bishop Gremory	Doubles the number of uses of White Magic spells.
	Sword Critical +10	Swordmaster	Critical +10 when equipped with a sword.
	Stealth	Assassin Thief	Unit is less likely to be targeted by enemies.
	Axe Critical +10	Warrior	Critical +10 when equipped with an axe.
	Critical +20	War Master	Critical +20
	Fiendish Blow	Dark Bishop	Mag +6 when initiating attack.

Standard AbilitiesEdit

These are abilities learned according to the character’s skill levels or from mastering classes. Unlike class abilities, they can be customized and are independent of class.

Abilities learned from Skill LevelsEdit

Skill	Skill Lvl	Icon	Ability	Effect	Characters
Sword	E+		Sword Prowess Lv. 1	Grants Hit +5, Avoid +7 and Critical Evade +5 when equipped with Sword	All
	D+		Sword Prowess Lv. 2	Grants Hit +6, Avoid +10 and Critical Evade +6 when equipped with Sword	All
	C+		Sword Prowess Lv. 3	Grants Hit +7, Avoid +13 and Critical Evade +7 when equipped with Sword	All
	B		Axebreaker	Grants Hit/Avo +20 when using a sword against axe users.	All
	B+		Sword Prowess Lv. 4	Grants Hit +8, Avoid +16 and Critical Evade +8 when equipped with Sword	All
	A+		Sword Prowess Lv. 5	Grants Hit +10, Avoid +20 and Critical Evade +10 when equipped with Sword	All
	S		Sword Critical +10	Grants Crit +10 when using a sword.	All
	S+		Swordfaire	Might +5 when a sword is equipped.	All
Lance	E+		Lance Prowess Lv.1	Grants Hit +6, Avoid +6 and Critical Evade +5 when equipped with Lance	All
	D+		Lance Prowess Lv.2	Grants Hit +8, Avoid +8 and Critical Evade +6 when equipped with Lance	All
	C+		Lance Prowess Lv.3	Grants Hit +10, Avoid +10 and Critical Evade +7 when equipped with Lance	All
	B		Swordbreaker	Grants Hit/Avo +20 when using a lance against sword users.	All
	B+		Lance Prowess Lv.4	Grants Hit +12, Avoid +12 and Critical Evade +8 when equipped with Lance	All
	A+		Lance Prowess Lv.5	Grants Hit +15, Avoid +15 and Critical Evade +10 when equipped with Lance	All
	S		Lance Critical +10	Grants Crit +10 when using a lance.	All
	S+		Lancefaire	Might +5 when a lance is equipped.	All
Axe	E+		Axe Prowess Lv.1	Grants Hit +7, Avoid +5 and Critical Evade +5 when equipped with Axe	All
	D+		Axe Prowess Lv.2	Grants Hit +10, Avoid +6 and Critical Evade +6 when equipped with Axe	All
	C+		Axe Prowess Lv.3	Grants Hit +13, Avoid +7 and Critical Evade +7 when equipped with Axe	All
	B		Lancebreaker	Grants Hit/Avo +20 when using an axe against lance users.	All
	B+		Axe Prowess Lv.4	Grants Hit +16, Avoid +8 and Critical Evade +8 when equipped with Axe	All
	A+		Axe Prowess Lv.5	Grants Hit +20, Avoid +10 and Critical Evade +10 when equipped with Axe	All
	S		Axe Critical +10	Grants Crit +10 when using an axe.	All
	S+		Axefaire	Might +5 when an axe is equipped.	All
Bow	E+		Bow Prowess Lv.1	Grants Hit +6, Avoid +6 and Critical Evade +5 when equipped with Bow	All
	D+		Bow Prowess Lv.2	Grants Hit +8, Avoid +8 and Critical Evade +6 when equipped with Bow	All
	C		Close Counter	Allows unit to counterattack adjacent foes.	All
	C+		Bow Prowess Lv.3	Grants Hit +10, Avoid +10 and Critical Evade +7 when equipped with Bow	All
	B+		Bow Prowess Lv.4	Grants Hit +12, Avoid +12 and Critical Evade +8 when equipped with Bow	All
	A+		Bow Prowess Lv.5	Grants Hit +15, Avoid +15 and Critical Evade +10 when equipped with Bow	All
	S		Bow Critical +10	Grants Crit +10 when using a bow.	All
	S+		Bowfaire	Might +5 when a bow is equipped.	All
Brawl	E+		Brawling Prowess Lv.1	Grants Hit +5, Avoid +7 and Critical Evade +5 when brawling.	All
	D+		Brawling Prowess Lv.2	Grants Hit +6, Avoid +10 and Critical Evade +6 when brawling	All
	C+		Brawling Prowess Lv.3	Grants Hit +7, Avoid +13 and Critical Evade +7 when brawling	All
	B+		Brawling Prowess Lv.4	Grants Hit +8, Avoid +16 and Critical Evade +8 when brawling	All
	A+		Brawling Prowess Lv.5	Grants Hit +10, Avoid +20 and Critical Evade +10 when brawling	All
	S		Brawl Critical +10	Grants Crit +10 when brawling.	All
	S+		Fistfaire	Might +5 when a gauntlet is equipped.	All
Reason	E+		Reason Prowess Lv.1	Grants Hit +5, Avoid +7 and Critical Evade +5 when equipped with Reason Magic	All
	D+		Reason Prowess Lv.2	Grants Hit +6, Avoid +10 and Critical Evade +6 when equipped with Reason Magic	All
	C+		Reason Prowess Lv.3	Grants Hit +7, Avoid +13 and Critical Evade +7 when equipped with Reason Magic	All
	B+		Reason Prowess Lv.4	Grants Hit +8, Avoid +16 and Critical Evade +8 when equipped with Reason Magic	All
	A+		Reason Prowess Lv.5	Grants Hit +10, Avoid +20 and Critical Evade +10 when equipped with Reason Magic	All
	S		Black Magic Range +1	Increases black magic range by 1.	All but Edelgard, Hubert and Lysithea
	S		Dark Magic Range +1	Increases dark magic range by 1.	Edelgard, Hubert and Lysithea
	S+		Black Tomefaire	Might +5 when Black Magic is equipped.	All but Edelgard, Hubert and Lysithea
	S+		Dark Tomefaire	Might +5 when Dark Magic is equipped.	Edelgard, Hubert and Lysithea
Faith	E+		Faith Prowess Lv.1	Grants Hit +5, Avoid +7 and Critical Evade +5 when equipped with Faith Magic	All
	D+		Faith Prowess Lv.2	Grants Hit +6, Avoid +10 and Critical Evade +6 when equipped with Faith Magic	All
	C+		Faith Prowess Lv.3	Grants Hit +7, Avoid +13 and Critical Evade +7 when equipped with Faith Magic	All
	B+		Faith Prowess Lv.4	Grants Hit +8, Avoid +16 and Critical Evade +8 when equipped with Faith Magic	All
	A+		Faith Prowess Lv.5	Grants Hit +10, Avoid +20 and Critical Evade +10 when equipped with Faith Magic	All
	S		White Magic Range +1	Increases White Magic range by 1 for attacks that damage foes.	All
	S+		White Tomefaire	Might +5 when White Magic is equipped.	All
Authority	E+		Authority Prowess Lv.1	Grants Mt +2 with gambits.	All
	D		Rally Magic	Use Rally to grant Mag +4 to an ally.	Hubert, Ingrid
	D/ S		Rally Charm	Use Rally to grant Cha +8 to an ally.	Dorothea, Manuela, Edelgard, Dimitri, Claude
	D/ C+		Rally Dexterity	Use Rally to grant Dex +8 to an ally.	Ferdinand, Ignatz
	D/ C+/ S		Rally Resistance	Use Rally to grant Res +4 to an ally.	Annette, Hubert, Seteth
	D/ S		Rally Strength	Use Rally to grant Str +4 to an ally.	Raphael, Alois, Ignatz
	D/ C+/ S		Rally Speed	Use Rally to grant Spd +4 to an ally.	Ignatz, Annette, Hubert
	D		Rally Defense	Use Rally to grant Def +4 to an ally.	Seteth, Gilbert
	D		Rally Luck	Use Rally to grant Lck +8 to an ally.	Flayn
	D+		Authority Prowess Lv.2	Grants Mt +4 with gambits.	All
	C/ A		Battalion Vantage	When foe initiates combat, unit still attacks first if battalion endurance is ≤ 1/3.	Byleth, Edelgard, Felix, Sylvain, Lorenz, Catherine, Dimitri, Ignatz
	C/ A		Battalion Wrath	If foe initiates combat while unit’s battalion endurance is ≤ 1/3, grants Crit +50.	Hubert, Bernadetta, Caspar, Petra, Dimitri, Dedue, Hilda, Raphael, Seteth, Alois, Gilbert, Annette, Claude
	C/ A		Battalion Desperation	If unit initiates combat when battalion endurance is ≤ 1/3, unit’s follow-up attack (if possible) occurs before foe’s counterattack.	Dorothea, Ferdinand, Ashe, Ingrid, Claude, Lysithea, Ignatz, Leonie, Hanneman, Cyril, Shamir, Byleth, Hubert, Seteth
	C/ A		Battalion Renewal	Unit recovers up to 30% of max HP at the start of each turn while battalion endurance is ≤ 1/3.	Linhardt, Mercedes, Annette, Marianne, Manuela, Flayn, Edelgard
	C+		Authority Prowess Lv.3	Grants Mt +6 with gambits.	All
	C+		Model Leader	Doubles experience earned for battalions.	Byleth, Edelgard, Dimitri, Seteth, Claude
	B		Defensive Tactics	Battalion endurance takes half damage.	All
	B+		Authority Prowess Lv.4	Grants Mt +8 with gambits.	All
	A+		Authority Prowess Lv.5	Grants Mt +10 with gambits.	All
	S		Rally Movement	Use Rally to grant Mv +1 to an ally.	Byleth, Annette
	S+		Offensive Tactics	Grants Mt +5 and Hit +20 with gambits.	All
Heavy Armor	C		Weight -3	The combined weight of equipment is reduced by 3.	All
	A+		Weight -5	The combined weight of equipment is reduced by 5.	All
	S+		Armored Effect Null	Nullifies any extra effectiveness against armored units.	All
Riding	C		Dexterity +4	Increases Dex by 4.	All
	A+		Movement +1	Increases Mv by 1.	All
	S+		Cavalry Effect Null	Nullifies any extra effectiveness against cavalry units.	All
Flying	B		Alert Stance	If unit takes no action except Wait, grants Avo +15 for 1 turn.	All
	A+		Alert Stance+	If unit takes no action except Wait, grants Avo +30 for 1 turn.	All
	S+		Flying Effect Null	Nullifies any extra effectiveness against flying units.	All

Abilities learned from Mastering ClassesEdit

Icon	Ability	Effect	Mastered Class
	HP +5	Increases HP by 5	Noble Commoner
	Speed +2	Increases Spd by 2	Myrmidon
	Defense +2	Increases Def by 2	Soldier
	Strength +2	Increases Str by 2	Fighter
	Magic +2	Increases Mag by 2	Monk
	Resistance +2	Increases Res by 2	Lord
	Vantage	Always attack first when under 50% HP.	Mercenary
	Steal	Unit can steal non-weapon items from enemies with lower Spd than self.	Thief
	Desperation	If unit initiates combat with HP ≤ 50%, unit’s follow-up attack (if possible) occurs before foe’s counterattack.	Cavalier
	Darting Blow	If unit initiates combat, grants AS +6 during combat.	Pegasus Knight
	Death Blow	If unit initiates combat, grants Str +6 during combat.	Brigand
	Armored Blow	If unit initiates combat, grants Def +6 during combat.	Armored Knight
	Hit +20	Increases Hit by 20.	Archer
	Unarmed Combat	User can fight without a weapon equipped.	Brawler
	Fiendish Blow	If unit initiates combat, grants Mag+6 during combat	Mage
	Poison Strike	If unit initiates combat, enemy loses up to 20% HP	Dark Mage
	Miracle	Luck % chance to survive lethal damage with 1HP if HP is above 1	Priest
	Special Dance	Dex/Spd/Luck +4 to target ally when using Dance	Dancer
	Pomp & Circumstance	Increases Lck/Cha by 4.	Armored Lord High Lord Wyvern Master
	Sacred Power	Adjacent allies deal 3 extra damage and take 3 less damage during combat.	Enlightened One
	Defiant Str	Grants Str +8 when HP is ≤ 25%.	Hero
	Lethality	Chance to instantly kill a foe when dealing damage. Trigger % = 0.25×Dex.	Assassin
	Aegis	Chance to reduce bow/magic damage by half. Trigger % = Dex stat.	Paladin
	Wrath	If foe initiates combat while unit’s HP is ≤ 50%, grants Crit +50.	Warrior
	Pavise	Chance to reduce sword/lance/axe/brawling damage by half. Trigger % = Dex stat.	Fortress Knight
	Seal Defense	If unit damages foe during combat, foe suffers Def -6 for 1 turn after combat.	Wyvern Rider
	Tomebreaker	Grants Hit/Avo +20 when brawling against magic users.	Grappler
	Bowbreaker	Grants Hit/Avo +20 when using magic against bow users.	Warlock
	Lifetaker	Unit recovers HP equal to 50% of damage dealt after defeating a foe.	Dark Bishop
	Renewal	Unit recovers up to 20% of max HP at the start of each turn.	Bishop
	Warding Blow	If unit initiates combat, grants Res +6 during combat	Mortal Savant
	Defiant Avo	Grants Avo +30 when HP is ≤ 25%.	Falcon Knight
	Quick Riposte	If foe initiates combat while unit’s HP is ≥ 50%, unit makes guaranteed follow-up attack.	War Master
	Defiant Crit	Grants Crit +50 when HP is ≤ 25%.	Wyvern Lord
	Defiant Def	Grants Def +8 when HP is ≤ 25%.	Great Knight
	Defiant Spd	Grants Spd +8 when HP is ≤ 25%.	Bow Knight
	Defiant Mag	Grants Mag +8 when HP is ≤ 25%.	Gremory
	Seal Resistance	If unit damages foe during combat, foe suffers Res -6 for 1 turn after combat.	Dark Knight
	Defiant Res	Grants Res +8 when HP is ≤ 25%.	Holy Knight

Abilities learned from Budding Talents Edit

Icon	Ability	Budding Talent	Effect	Characters
	White Magic Avo +20	Faith	Grants Avo +20 when using white magic.	Byleth, Dorothea
	Black Magic Critical +10	Reason	Grants Crit +10 when using black magic.	Edelgard, Felix
	Seal Movement	Riding	If unit damages foe during combat, foe suffers Mv -1 for 1 turn after combat.	Dimitri
	Seal Speed	Heavy Armor	If unit damages foe during combat, foe suffers Spd -6 for 1 turn after combat.	Ferdinand, Hilda
	Pass	Riding	Allows unit to pass through spaces occupied by foes.	Bernadetta
	Black Magic Avo +20	Reason	Grants Avo +20 when using black magic.	Sylvain
	Seal Strength	Reason	If unit damages foe during combat, foe suffers Str -6 for 1 turn after combat.	Ignatz
	Seal Magic	Reason	If unit damages foe during combat, foe suffers Mag -6 for 1 turn after combat.	Flayn

Other Abilities Edit

Icon	Ability	Effect	How to Get
	Sword Avo +20	Grants Avo +20 when using a sword.	Win the White Heron Cup

Unknown abilities Edit

Icon	Ability	Effect
	Paragon	Doubles experience earned.
	Discipline	Doubles skill experience earned in battle.
	White Magic Crit +10	Grants Crit +10 when using White Magic.
	Dark Magic Crit +10	Grants Crit +10 when using Dark Magic.
	Lance Avo +20	Grants Avo +20 when using a lance.
	Axe Avo +20	Grants Avo +20 when using an axe.
	Bow Avo +20	Grants Avo +20 when using a bow.
	Brawl Avo +20	Grants Avo +20 when brawling.
	Dark Magic Avo +20	Grants Avo +20 when using dark magic.
	Swordbreaker+	Grants Hit/Avo +30 when using a lance against sword users.
	Lancebreaker+	Grants Hit/Avo +30 when using an axe against lance users.
	Axebreaker+	Grants Hit/Avo +30 when using a sword against axe users.
	Missing Number	Effect unknown
	Poison	Chance to inflict poison on foe when dealing damage. Trigger % = Dex stat.
	Cursed Power	Unit recovers HP on swamp terrain.
	Unsealable Magic	Nullifies silence
	Immune Status	Nullifies status effects and debuffs.
	Infinite Magic	Removes the limitation on the number of times magic can be used.
	Black Magic Uses ×4	Quadruples the number of uses for black magic.
	Dark Magic Uses ×4	Quadruples the number of uses for dark magic.
	White Magic Uses ×4	Quadruples the number of uses for white magic.
	Magic Bind	If unit lands a hit, targeted foe is unable to use magic for 1 turn.
	Infantry Effect Null	Cancels effectiveness against infantry units.
	Dragon Effect Null	Cancels effectiveness against dragons.
	Monster Effect Null	Nullifies any extra effectiveness against monsters.
	Effect Null	Cancels all types of effectiveness.
	Noncombatant	Unit cannot be targeted by foes.
	Anchor	Prevents unit from being moved.
	Counterattack	Allows unit to counterattack regardless of distance to attacker.
	Keen Intuition	Grants Avo +30 during combat with a foe 2 or more spaces away.
	General	Nullifies instant death effects and halves damage from enemy gambits.
	Commander	Nullifies instant death effects, status effects, and movement effects, and greatly reduces damage from enemy gambits.
	Twin Crests	Allows unit to take two actions in one turn.